Heat
Wine experts estimate that raising the storage temperature of wine can increase the rate of aging by two to eight times. As any wine lover will know, this is not a good thing as the compounds within the wine need time to mature naturally. Unnatural aging can cause wine to taste unpleasant and harsh.
A classic example of this unwanted effect is leaving wine in a hot car. When left in this environment, the wine matures in a matter of hours. The ideal temperature for wine is between 4°C and 18°C. This temperature consistency can only really be achieved in a wine cooler or specialized wine cellar.
Light
Too much light exposure can dramatically affect the taste of the wine. The sun’s ultraviolet rays can cause some compounds in wine to break down, which can lead to some undesirable odors and off-flavors. Sunlight, and to some extent fluorescent lighting, are the most problematic light sources.
Regular light bulbs found in the home, which give off incandescent light, aren’t much of a problem, but should be limited whenever possible. Total darkness is always the best environment for wine.
Humidity
The humidity of an area is another key factor to consider for wine storage. Low humidity can cause the cork to dry out and shrink, which can cause wine to spill out of the bottle. In addition, the air that enters the bottle could oxidize the wine, with the consequent loss of colour, flavor and aroma.
Conversely, too much humidity can also create unwanted effects. High humidity can allow mold to grow on the cork and label, but this is more of a cosmetic problem than a threat to the wine itself. The key is to choose an environment that maintains constant, moderate humidity.
Vibration
Finally, regular vibration or movement of a wine bottle can circulate sediment from the bottom of the bottle, which reacts with the wine to produce off-flavors and textures.
Although vibration is the least problematic of the four factors, it should be minimized whenever possible. Cheap wine coolers often have electric motors that cause tiny vibrations. Over time, these slight movements can affect the taste of the wine. The wines most at risk of vibration are the more delicate varieties, such as a Pinot Grigio.
In summary, it is best to store your precious wine in a cool, dark, and moderately humid place, where it will not be subject to movement. Traditional wine storage methods like cellars are rarely available in modern homes, but luckily modern wine coolers allow collectors to protect their prized wines in virtually any space. Wine preservation is an art, so whether you’re storing it for your own enjoyment or as an investment for the future, it’s worth taking care of.